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Did Dragons Really Exist? Part 3

In the last two posts, we covered the historical evidence that dragons lived beside humans, and the historical and archeological evidence that dinosaurs did as well. Now, three main questions remain: is there archeological evidence for dragons? What do dinosaurs have to do with dragons? And, most importantly, what does it all mean for Christians... and for Evolutionists? Well, I propose a theory, which is accepted by many leading Creationists, that answers all of these questions: Dinosaurs and dragons were one the same. Here is the evidence that supports it. The word “dinosaur” (“terrible lizard”) didn't even exist until a couple centuries ago. It was coined in 1841 by a famous British scientist – and Creationist – named Dr. Richard Owen, around the time dinosaur fossils were first being dug up and recognized as a completely new group of reptiles (Ham www.answersingenesis.org). Before then, all throughout history, any creature relatively similar to a dinosaur was called a “dragon”. In fact, if the word “dragon” in many ancient documents and stories was replaced with “dinosaur”, it would work quite nicely.

(Cartoon from www.answersingenesis.org)

For an example, returning to the essay by John of Damascus, he described dragons as having a goat-like beard and a horn at the back of their head. Some fossils of dinosaurs have horns on the head and spikes on the back and/or tail, just like many depictions of dragons. We cannot know for sure if dinosaurs had a “beard” (similar to the bearded dragon lizard) because soft tissue generally isn't fossilized; however, some dinosaurs may have had such a “beard” (Alferov www.answersingenesis.org). There are numerous dinosaur fossils that resemble dragons. The fossil dracorex hogwartsia, uncovered in North America, surprised scientists because of how similar its features were to the dragons of ancient China and Medieval Europe. It had a long muzzle and spiky horns, just like a dragon (Thomas www.icr.org).

Skull of the dracorex hogwartsia

(Picture from www.icr.org)

There is another type of dinosaur called the baryonyx walkeri (“heavy claw”), which also looks a lot like a dragon. It was discovered in 1983 in Sussex, England by William Walker, and can be found today at the Natural History Museum in London (Ham 35). It has an interesting skull shaped a lot like a modern crocodile. It is easy to see how this dinosaur could have inspired the English dragon stories such as Saint George and the Dragon, as over the years the dinosaur's features were exaggerated and fancified until it became the classic dragon.

Artist's conception of the baryonyx walkeri

Another artist's conception from National Geographic

Skeleton in the Natural History Museum, London

John Calvin wrote a commentary on Genesis, and in the original translation of his commentary from Latin to English, some of the artwork included animals from creation: birds, pigs... and two dragons. Although the artwork was finished in 1578, about three centuries before the word “dinosaur” existed, these dragons had remarkable resemblance to dinosaurs. This confirms yet again that dragons and dinosaurs were the same, and that they lived at the same time as humans; maybe as recent as a few centuries ago (Hodge www.answersingenesis.org). Throughout dragon “mythology”, there are generally three types of dragons: land dragons, flying dragons, and sea dragons. Even the Bible gives reference to all of these types (see Jeremiah 14:6, Isaiah 30:6, and Psalm 74:13). This is easily explained with the fossil record. There were many types of land-dwelling dinosaurs that could have inspired dragon myths (e.g. dracorex hogwartsia, baryonyx walkeri, and even tyrannosaurus rex). Also, the flying dragon myths could have based off of the Pterodactyl, a type of flying dinosaur. As for sea dragons, there were many types of huge, sea-dwelling reptiles that could have easily inspired such myths; all of which are extinct now, but exist in the fossil record. A few include the terrible Kronosaurus, which grew up to thirty-three feet long and weighed eight to ten tons; the huge Styxosaurus, with a neck as long as twenty feet; and the fierce Mosasaurus, which could be fifty feet long (Wieland 14, 34, 6).

The Kronosaurus

The Styxosaurus

The Mosasaurus

The Kronosaurus and Styxosaurus are both very likely candidates of the Leviathan from Job 41. In fact, it may have been a sea monster in the Styxosaurus's family that was responsible for the Loch Ness monster sightings (Wieland 35). If the Loch Ness sightings are grounded in truth, than they could be evidence of a still-living “dragon” that did not become extinct after all. Only one thing remains: fire breathing. Most dragons were known to have breathed fire. Well, it is possible that some dinosaurs had this ability as well. There have been dinosaur fossils that were excavated with a strange bump on the top of the head, containing an internal cavity. No one knows for sure what the cavity is for; but it could have been used to mix gases that would ignite when breathed into the oxygen-filled air (www.bibleinsong.com). From all these facts, it is clear that dragons and dinosaurs were the same, and that they lived alongside humans. Stories of dragons are recorded throughout the world in myths, legends, and historical records; and there is evidence that dinosaurs lived beside people in ancient art, stories, and even archeology. By comparing the depictions of dragons with dinosaur fossils, one can see that the similarities are striking. Now, why is this important to Christians, you may wonder? According to many leading evolutionists, if it was proven that dinosaurs and humans coexisted, than the whole theory of Evolution would fall apart. Richard Dawkins spoke about “alleged” human bones found in the Carboniferous coal deposits, that if they were to “authenticated as human, these bones would blow the theory of evolution out of the water” (www.bible.ca). Another leading evolutionist, Louis Jacobs said, “Such an association [co-occurrence of men and dinosaurs] would dispel an Earth with vast antiquity. The entire history of creation, including the first day of rest, could be accommodated in the seven biblical days of the Genesis myth. Evolution would be vanquished” (ibid). On a NOVA TV Special, “Darwin and the Dinosaurs”, it was said that “finding them [dinosaur footprints, side by side with humans] would counter evidence that humans evolved long after the dinosaurs became extinct and back up... [the] claim that all species, including man, were created at one time” (ibid).  If it can be proven that dinosaurs lived at the same time as humans, than by the very words spoken by evolutionists, the theory of evolution will be completely overturned. And if Evolution is wrong, than Creationism is right; and there is a Creator that deserves our worship.

Bibliography

“Evolutionary Theory Obliterated!” The Interactive Bible. http://www.bible.ca/tracks/dino- human-coexistence-implications.htm (accessed 6 March 2010)

“Dragons; Evidence of Recent Dinosaurs.” Northwest Creation Network. http://www.nwcreation.net/dinosdragons.html (accessed 2 February 2010)

Ham, Ken. “The Bible Explains Dinosaurs: The Real History of Dinosaurs.” Answers in Genesis. Lynchburg, VA. 2002.

Ham, Ken. “Dinosaurs and the Bible.” Answers in Genesis. 5 November 1999. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/1999/11/05/dinosaurs-and-the-bible (accessed 2 February 2010)

Ham, Ken. The Great Dinosaur Mystery Solved! Green Forest, AR: Master Books, Inc., 1998

Hodge, Bodie. “Calvin's Dragons!” Answers in Genesis. 1 July 2008. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2008/07/01/calvins-dragons (accessed 30 Jan. 2010)

The Holy Bible, NKJV

“Job 41: Was Leviathan a crocodile, whale or dinosaur?” Bible in Song. 2006. http://www.bibleinsong.com/Song_Pages/Job/Job41/Job41.htm (accessed 11 February 2010)

Thomas, Brian, M.S. “Is There Some Truth to Dragon Myths?” Institute For Creation Research. 2 July 2009. http://www.icr.org/article/there-some-truth-dragon-myths/ (accessed 2 February 2010)

Weiland, Carl. Dragons of the Deep. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, Inc., 2005

Did Dragons Really Exist? Part 2

In Part 1, we explored lots of evidence that dragons existed. Now it's time to go slightly off-topic: we're going to look at the evidence for the coexistence of dinosaurs and people. You may be wondering: what do dinosaurs and people have to do with dragons? Well, keep reading, because you'll find out soon!

There is too much evidence that dinosaurs lived beside humans for this article to cover all of it; so it will only cover some. All over the world, there have been paintings, carvings, stories, and fossils that suggest the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans. For an example, natives in some countries have described creatures that sound like dinosaurs (Ham www.answersingenesis.org). Also, there have been carvings done by Native Americans that resemble the Bracciosaurus and Pterodactyl. Interestingly, Pterodactyl fossils have been found in the same area of the carvings (Ham 2002). Here are some more amazing facts:

* In the 1920s, archaeologist Dr. Samuel Hubbard found Native American pictures in the Grand Canyon. Along with detailed drawings of cattle, sheep, oxen, and buffalo, there were drawings of dinosaurs; just as realistic as the rest (www.bibleinsong.com)!

* About a decade later, an amazing discovery was made in the Paluxy Riverbed near Glen Rose, Texas: dinosaur tracks along with what appeared to be human footprints. When it was reported in the May 1939 issue of National History, it caused a heat of controversy. Recently, a computer programmer from Ohio named Glen Kuban found chemical discolorations on some of the human-like footprints, and people soon claimed that the prints weren't human at all. They said they were merely parts of the dinosaur tracks that had been distorted by mud-fill. Some people, however, have suspected that the footprints were altered by scientists to make them look less “human” (www.bibleinsong.com).

* In 1970, newspapers reported a fascinating find: cave paintings in Zimbabwe done by Bushmen that showed accurate pictures of an elephant, giraffe, and a Brontosaurus! Scientists have been greatly confused, because Bushmen were known to paint from real life (www.bibleinsong.com).

* In Utah, a picture was found drawn by Anasazi Indians who had lived there from approximately 150 BC to 1200 AD. Even evolutionists agree that it looks like a dinosaur, and that the age given to it is correct. One evolutionist wrote, “There is a petroglyph in Natural Bridges National Monument that bears a startling resemblance to a dinosaur, specifically a Brontosaurus, with a long tail and neck, small head and all” (www.genesispark.org). The fact that even an evolutionist admitted the picture's resemblance to a dinosaur only confirms that it could not be anything else.

Picture by Anasazi Indians

(To see more examples of dinosaurs depicted in ancient art, click here: http://www.genesispark.org/genpark/ancient/ancient.htm)

Another source of evidence for the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans is in the Bible. Job 40:15-24 describes another “mysterious” creature called the “Behemoth”. Just as with the Leviathan, there has been a lot of controversy over what type of creature the Behemoth is. Many people claim that it is a hippopotamus or an elephant. However, it isn't hard to see that it more closely resembles a Brachiosaurus.

The Behemoth had powerful hips and muscles (Job 40:16), and had bones like bronze and ribs like iron (verse 18). These descriptions certainly fit an elephant more than a hippopotamus, but they fit a Brachiosaurus more than anything. At seventy-five feet long, forty-one feet high and weighing eighty-nine tons, the Brachiosaurus weighed twelve times as much as the adult African bull elephant (Ham 70)! If there was any creature that had bones like bronze and ribs like iron, it was the Brachiosaurus. However, the one thing that truly proves the Behemoth was not an elephant or hippopotamus is verse 17, which states that the Behemoth “moves his tail like a cedar [tree]”. The tiny tails of both elephants and hippopotamuses are about as far away from looking like a broad, thick cedar tree as tails can get!

A cedar tree

Do these tails look like cedar trees to you?

If elephants and hippos DID have tails like cedar trees...

(Cartoon from www.answersingenesis.org)

Finally, verse 19 says that the Behemoth is “chief in the ways of God”, which means that it was the biggest animal God created. While the elephant is the largest living land animal in creation, it is still dwarfed by the mighty blue whale of the ocean. The Brachiosaurus, however, is suspected to have been the largest animal of its day.

Brachiosaurus - the real Behemoth

Now that we have peeked at the evidence for the coexistence of dinosaurs and people, you say: what does all this have to do with dragons? Find out soon... in part 3! (Hahaha, you actually thought you'd find out in this article, didn't you?)

Bibliography

“Ancient Dinosaur Depictions.” Genesis Park. http://www.genesispark.org/genpark/ancient/ancient.htm (accessed 6 March 2010)

Ham, Ken. “The Bible Explains Dinosaurs: The Real History of Dinosaurs.” Answers in Genesis. Lynchburg, VA. 2002.

Ham, Ken. “Dinosaurs and the Bible.” Answers in Genesis. 5 November 1999. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/1999/11/05/dinosaurs-and-the-bible(accessed 2 February 2010)

Ham, Ken. The Great Dinosaur Mystery Solved! Green Forest, AR: Master Books, Inc., 1998

The Holy Bible, NKJV

Did Dragons Really Exist? Part 1

From The Hobbit to Harry Potter, dragons are a familiar icon today in literature, movies, and pop culture. They are a symbol of fantasy and mythology; often associated with magic, foreign worlds, and ancient legends. But why is there all the hype about dragons? Why are people so drawn to stories including these fire-breathing, scaly reptiles? Could there be a reason that dragons are possibly the most-loved mythical creature of all time? One theory states that there is a reason, and it is because dragons once existed. It states that they were created by God and lived alongside humans.

There is plenty of evidence to confirm that dragons existed with people. Dragon legends have existed in many – and possibly all – ancient cultures. From the Chinese, to the Australian aborigines, to the Babylonians, to the Welsh, stories of dragons have played a part in the historical background of basically every people group on every continent. According to legend, the Chinese even bred dragons! Which brings up the question: how could so many cultures, often without contacting each other, come up with the same stories? They never met together and mutually decided to add dragons into their mythology, and yet dragon-like creatures appear again and again from culture to culture.

Not only are dragons common in mythology, they are also common in writing. There are many old history books around the world that record, in detail, encounters of dragons with people. One such record is the essay “On Dragons and Ghosts”, written by John of Damascus, a monk who lived in the eighth century (Alferov www.answersingenesis.org). His essay described dragons as real animals and not as mythical beings. Also known as St. John Damascene, this Orthodox Christian theologian was called the “Father of Scholasticism”, and his preachings earned him the title “The Golden Orator.” Because John of Damascus was such a well-educated scholar whose goal was to expose fables and error with science and truth, his work should be carefully considered.

In John of Damascus's essay, he attempted to expose the popular mythical misconceptions of his day concerning dragons. For an example, he refuted the claim that dragons could shape shift into human form and associate with people. He said that God only created two intelligent beings – angels and humans – and that “if a dragon were to change its form... becoming at once moment a serpent, at another a man... it clearly follows that dragons are intelligent beings greatly exceeding men, which has never been true, and never will be.”

John of Damascus also said that dragons do exist, but they are animals just like the rest of the creatures God made and they do not have any magical or mythical attributes. He described them as serpents (reptiles), born small but will grow to be “big and fat so that they exceed other serpents in length and size”. He says that they can “grow up more than thirty cubits”, which is forty-five feet; and can be as “thick as a huge log”. He also describes dragons (or maybe just one type of dragon) as having a goat-like beard, a horn at the back of its heat, and large and gold-colored eyes.

He also gives reference to a historical account by the Roman Dio Cassius (AD 155-236), who wrote about a battle in the third century BC where a dragon crept up behind the Roman army. The Romans killed it, skinned it, and measured the hide at one-hundred twenty feet long. Here is another historical example of a dragon being seen and recorded by humans; yet written about as a real animal, not some sort of mythical being.

Apparently by the time John of Damascus wrote his essay, dragons were only seen on rare occasions, and so, myths and superstitions sprang up about them. Perhaps, around this time period, they had already begun dwindling down toward extinction. It is feasible that they became extinct in the Middle Ages largely from “dragon slaying,” as documented in the most famous dragon slaying story of all, Saint George and the Dragon.

It may be surprising to know that the Bible also contains huge historical evidence for the existence of dragons. Dragons are mentioned in the Scriptures more than any other animal. One dragon passage, which is possibly the most famous – and most controversial – is Job 41, where God describes a creature called the “Leviathan.” The descriptions closely resemble that of a dragon, but many people argue that it is a crocodile or a whale. However, upon examining the descriptions of Leviathan in Job 41, one can see how different it is from a crocodile or a whale.

First, the Leviathan has powerful limbs (verse 12). The limbs of a crocodile are short and stubby; and whales don't have limbs at all! Second, the Leviathan has terrible teeth (verse 14), which is true of crocodiles, but most whales don't even have teeth. The Leviathan also has scales (verse 15-17). Crocodiles do have scales, but whales do not.

In addition, verse 25 tells us that “when he [the Leviathan] raises himself up, the mighty are afraid” (Job 41:25, KKJV). Again, a crocodile's legs are so short that it wouldn't be any more frightening if it raised itself up. Neither is a whale able to raise itself up in this way. Finally, the Leviathan has something like “sharp potsherds” on its undersides (verse 30). This, of course, is not true for a crocodile or a whale. In fact, a crocodile's most vulnerable place is its undersides.

Another feature to the Leviathan described in Job 41 is that it can breath fire: “His [the Leviathan's] sneezings flash forth light... out of his mouth go burning lights; sparks of fire shoot out. Smoke goes out of his nostrils, as from a boiling pot and burning rushes. His breath kindles coals, and a flame goes out of his mouth” (Job 41:18-21, NKJV). While some people argue that this passage about breathing fire is figurative, that simply isn't true. In the original Hebrew text, where it says “smoke goes out of his nostrils”, the word “minechiyrayw” is used; which is only used this once in the whole Bible. It means real smoke came out of the Leviathan's nostrils; not just vapor from water. This passage was meant to be taken seriously.

Now, many people who hear all this and admit that the Leviathan really was a dragon, will then insist that it wasn't a living, breathing dragon; only an imaginary creature used to represent something real, just like the dragon in Revelation represents Satan. However, the Leviathan in Job 41 was not something imaginary. Beginning in Job 38:39, God goes through a long list of common animals while talking to Job: the lion, the raven, the goat, the deer, the donkey, the ox, the ostrich, the horse, the eagle, the Behemoth (which this article will cover soon), and then the Leviathan. Why would God spend so long describing real animals, and then suddenly switch to mythical ones? We also know that the Behemoth could not have been something imaginary, because God referenced to it as an animal He made along with humans (Job 40:15).

To read more about the Leviathan compared to crocodiles and whales, click here: http://www.bibleinsong.com/Song_Pages/Job/Job41/Job41.htm.

Now, we have established that there is plenty of evidence that dragons existed in myths, legends, and historical records, but what about in archeology? If the theory is correct that dragons were created by God, would we not find more solid proof, especially in the fossil record? And above all, you may be wondering: if dragons really did exist, what does it mean for Christians today? Find out the answers to these questions and more when the series continues...



Bibliography
Alferov, Timofey. “Dragons: Animals... Not Apparitions.” Answers in Genesis. June 2000. http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i3/dragons.asp (accessed 30 Jan. 2010) The Holy Bible, NKJV

“Job 41: Was Leviathan a crocodile, whale or dinosaur?” Bible in Song. 2006. http://www.bibleinsong.com/Song_Pages/Job/Job41/Job41.htm (accessed 11 February 2010)

“Leviathan is a Dragon.” A True Church. 24 February 2008. http://www.atruechurch.info/leviathan.html (accessed 11 February 2010)

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Coming Soon... A series called "Did Dragons Really Exist?" The facts - and their relevance to Christians today - may surprise you. Stay tuned!

What is Courage? -- According to the Red Badge of Courage, Part 2

Continued from the last post...

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Before finding his way back to his regiment, Henry has the opportunity to receive such a badge; however, it is phony. When he is banged on the forehead with a rifle by someone on his side, he tells his comrades that it is a “battle wound”; that he had been shot by the enemy. He uses it as a cover-up to conceal the fact that he ran from battle, making it look like he had been fighting as much as they had been. After his friend fixes up the wound, he says, “Yer a good un, Henry. Most 'a men would a' been in th' hospital long ago. A shot in th' head ain't foolin' business.” Henry doesn't reply to this. Clearly, Henry has his comrades fooled; and impressed. They not only believe his story, but think highly of him because of it. They think he is courageous. But Henry knows the truth, and still feels just as guilty as before.

With this knowledge still in mind, Henry goes to battle again the next day; and partially because of the shame and frustration of the day before, works himself into a battle frenzy. Consumed with hate for the enemy, he continues firing and firing; even after the enemy is gone. Finally someone brings him back to reality, as if waking him from a dream, by telling him there's nothing left to shoot at. His lieutenant notices what he did with pride. “The lieutenant... called out to the youth: 'By heavens, if I had ten thousand wild cats like you I could tear th' stomach outa this war in less'n a week!' He puffed out his chest with large dignity as he said it.” Judging by the lieutenant's words, Henry had been quite a sight indeed. Suddenly, he was being noticed for something he had really done – not for a fake battle wound. His comrades notice, too: “Some of the men muttered and looked at the youth in awestruck ways... They now looked upon him as a war devil.” From this quote, we can see that Henry fought savagely, and yet his comrades admire him for it.

Henry's confidence builds from this event: “These incidents made the youth ponder... By this struggle he had overcome obstacles which he had admitted to be mountains. They had fallen like paper peaks, and he was now what he called a hero. And he had not been aware of the process. He had slept and, awakening, found himself a knight.” These words show us that Henry had finally become what he thought he could never be: a courageous hero.

In the following battle, Henry proves himself again; and his bravery is noticed not only by the lieutenant, but by the colonel. Although he wears an “ingenuine” badge of courage, he soon become worthy of it. He proves to himself, and to others, that he can be brave; that he can step forward in the face of danger and not shrink back.

In The Red Badge of Courage, courage is defined as conquering fear without succumbing to it. First, it is defined by Henry when he does the opposite of being courageous by running away. Second, it is defined by the brave, wounded soldiers who stay in the battle so long they are injured and, in many cases, killed. Third, it is defined by Henry again, when he finally finds his courage and faces his fear without turning away. From Henry Fleming, we can gain that courage is often a worked-at gift. It does not always come naturally or immediately; but sometimes it needs time and cultivation before it can blossom into maturity.

What is Courage? -- According to the Red Badge of Courage, Part 1

What was the most frightening thing you've ever experienced? As we all know, it can be hard to have courage in the most scary situations; but perhaps never more so than in war. In the civil war novel by Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage, the concept of courage is explored and defined as not shrinking back in the face of danger, but stepping forward and conquering fear.

We first see this definition of courage in the beginning, when Henry Fleming, the protagonist, runs away from battle. He thinks his action is the opposite of courage, when afterwards he finds out that his regiment had held the enemy, and there had been no need to run. Feeling guilty and ashamed of his cowardly behavior, Henry tries to logically convince himself that it had been the right thing to do. According to the book, “He had fled, he told himself, because annihilation approached... His actions had been sagacious things. They had been full of strategy. They were the work of a master's legs.” From this quote, we see that Henry is desperate to explain his action as the correct and wise decision; most likely, because he is too ashamed to admit that it was cowardly, even to himself. Nonetheless, he goes deep into the woods for a while, away from everyone else, to hide his shame.

When he comes back out of the woods, Henry joins a procession of wounded soldiers walking away from the battle. One of them assumes Henry is injured – since he is walking with the injured soldiers – and asks where he is hit. Henry feels “instant panic at this question”, stutters a moment, and slips away through the crowd. His shame for running away is particularly obvious here. It is as if his lack of a wound proves his lack of courage, because it “proves” he had not been at the battle to receive one.

As Henry continues to look at the injured people around him, he feels a spark of jealousy: “At times he regarded the wounded soldiers in an envious way. He conceived persons with torn bodies to be peculiarly happy. He wished that he, too, had a wound, a red badge of courage.” From this quote, we can conclude that in Henry's mind, having a wound is a symbol of bravery. To him, a wound proves that one had stayed in battle, and had looked death in the eye but not shrunk back in fear, as he had done.

Although he does not have a red badge of courage, Henry still feels he wears a badge of a different type. In chapter eleven, it speaks of “the sore badge of his dishonor.” His dishonor is, of course, the fact that he ran from battle. The word usage is interesting here. When Henry runs, he calls it a “badge of dishonor”; when people stay, fight, and are wounded, he calls it a “badge of courage.” One badge is internal; the other external. One is emotional; the other physical. And while a physical wound may sound more painful than the wound of guilt, Henry suggests that his guilt is more unbearable. He would much rather have the bloody, physical badge that displays his courage, than the sore, emotional badge that displays his cowardice.

To be continued...